vocabulary, conceptualization, topics of discussion or subject matter, as well as—as Augustine himself states—a basis for the discussion of music itself. There are approximately seventy-nine extant manuscripts of De musica, from the late eighth century to the fifteenth century. At least twenty-nine of these were copied during the thirteenth century, that is, before 1300. All of these sources are connected to major centers of learning during the medieval period. → Liberal Arts; Music, Rhythm BIBLIOGRAPHY